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In philosophy, embodied cognition holds that an agent's cognition is strongly influenced by aspects of an agent's body beyond the brain itself.〔 〕 In their proposal for an enactive approach to cognition Varela ''et al.'' defined "embodied":〔 〕 :"By using the term ''embodied'' we mean to highlight two points: first that cognition depends upon the kinds of experience that come from having a body with various sensorimotor capacities, and second, that these individual sensorimotor capacities are themselves embedded in a more encompassing biological, psychological and cultural context." :::— Eleanor Rosch, Evan Thompson, Francisco J. Varela: ''The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience'' pages 172–173 The Varela enactive definition is broad enough to overlap the views of extended cognition and situated cognition, and indeed, these ideas are not always carefully separated.〔 For example, includes articles on extended cognition and situated cognition. 〕 For example, according to Michael Dawson, the relationship is tangled:〔 〕 :"In viewing cognition as embedded or situated, embodied cognitive science emphasizes feedback between an agent and the world. We have seen that this feedback is structured by the nature of an agent's body...This in turn suggests that agents with different kinds of bodies can be differentiated in terms of degrees of embodiment...Embodiment can be defined as the extent to which an agent can alter its environment." (have been omitted ) :::— Michael Dawson: ''Degrees of embodiment''; The Routledge Handbook of Embodied Cognition, page 62 Some authors describe the dependence of cognition upon the body and its interactions with the environment by saying cognition in real biological systems is not an end in itself but is constrained by the system's goals and capacities. However, they argue, such constraints do not mean cognition is set by adaptive behavior (or autopoiesis) alone, but cognition requires “''some'' kind of information processing...the transformation or communication of incoming information”, the acquiring of which involves "exploration and modification of the environment".〔 〕 :"It would be a mistake, however, to suppose that cognition consists simply of building maximally accurate representations of input information...the gaining of knowledge is a stepping stone to achieving the more immediate goal of guiding behavior in response to the system's changing surroundings." :::— Marcin Milkowski: ''Explaining the Computational Mind'', p. 4 Philosophers, psychologists, cognitive scientists, and artificial intelligence researchers who study ''embodied cognition'' and the ''embodied mind'' argue that all aspects of cognition are shaped by aspects of the body. The aspects of cognition include high level mental constructs (such as concepts and categories) and human performance on various cognitive tasks (such as reasoning or judgment). The aspects of the body include the motor system, the perceptual system, the body's interactions with the environment (situatedness) and the ontological assumptions about the world that are built into the body and the brain. Work on the embodiment of cognition challenges other theories from cognitive science, such as cognitivism, computationalism, and Cartesian dualism.〔 The idea has roots in Kant and 20th century continental philosophers (such as Merleau-Ponty). The modern version depends on insights drawn from recent research in psychology, linguistics, cognitive science, dynamical systems, artificial intelligence, robotics and neurobiology. ==Embodiment thesis== The separation of embodied cognition from extended cognition and situated cognition can be based upon the ''embodiment thesis'', a narrower view of embodiment than that of Varela ''et al.'' or that of Dawson:〔 :''Embodiment thesis:'' Many features of cognition are embodied in that they are deeply dependent upon characteristics of the physical body of an agent, such that the agent's beyond-the-brain body plays a significant causal role, or a physically constitutive role, in that agent's cognitive processing. :::—RA Wilson and L Foglia, ''Embodied Cognition'' in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy This thesis omits direct mention of some aspects of the "more encompassing biological, psychological and cultural context" included by Varella ''et al.'' The ''Extended'' mind thesis, in contrast with the ''Embodiment'' thesis, limits cognitive processing neither to the brain nor even to the body, but extends it outward into the agent's world.〔〔 See also: 〕 ''Situated'' cognition emphasizes that this extension is not just a matter of including resources outside the head, but stresses the role of probing and modifying interaction with the agent's world.〔 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Embodied cognition」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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